ye - you(第二人稱代名詞複數主格/受格)e.g. ye shall find me動詞
thou - you(第二人稱代名詞單數主格)e.g. thou art my God
thy - your(第二人稱代名詞單數屬格)
thine - your(第二人稱代名詞單數屬格,用於母音或 h 之前)
thee - you(第二人稱代名詞單數受格跟語格) e.g. I will exalt thee
be'st - you are(be 動詞第二人稱單數現在簡單)(德:du bist)由以上許多例子可以看得出來,字尾 -st/-est 為典型的第二人稱單數現在簡單,或過去式動詞語尾,而 -eth 則為第三人稱單數現在簡單的動詞語尾,相當於現在的 -s、-es。古早字尾變化之 -eth 或 -est ,都會使得該字多出一個音節。也就是,多出一個可以唱,或必須唱的音符。在古早的英文裡,有許多語尾變化跟德語很是接近(詳見 [5] 所整理出來的完整動詞及名詞變化表)。另一方面,我自己所較為熟悉的德語,當然也經歷過類似的演化。
art - you are(be 動詞第二人稱單數現在簡單) e.g. thou art angry
wast/wert - were(be 動詞第二人稱單數過去式)e.g. thou wast (德:du warst)
wilt - will(助動詞 will 的第二人稱單數現在簡單)e.g. wilt thou destroy us (德:du willst)
dost - you do(助動詞 do 的 第二人稱單數現在簡單)
doest - you do(一般動詞 do 的 第二人稱單數現在簡單)
doth - does(助動詞 do 的 第三人稱單數現在簡單)e.g. thou dost not ...
hast - have(助動詞 have 第二人稱單數現在簡單)e.g. thou hast tried me...
hath - has(助動詞 have 第三人稱單數現在簡單)e.g. the Lord hath made...
shalt - shall(助動詞 shall 第二人稱單數未來簡單)e.g. thou shalt (德:du wirst)
canst - (you) can(助動詞第二人稱單數現在簡單)e.g. thou canst not lie
shew - show
whence - from where(由哪裡,woher)e.g. whence camest thou? and whither wilt thou go?
wherefore - why(為何,warum)e.g. Wherefore art thou, Romeo?
whither - where hither(到哪裡,where to)(德:wohin)
thither - there hither(到那裡, there to)
unto - to, onto, upon
goest (you go)
runnest (you run)
makest (you make)
forgettest (you forget)
hearest (you hear)
seest (you see)
canst (you can)
mayest (you may)
couldst (you could)
shouldst (you should)
wouldst (you would)
maketh (he makes)
leadeth (he leads)
driveth (he drives)
mocketh (he mockes)
troubleth (he troubles)
liveth (he lives)
cometh (he comes)
cleaveth (it cleaves) (日耳曼字;與德語 kleben 同源)
spreadeth (he spreads)
rejoiceth (it rejoice)
draweth (he draws)
falleth (it falls)
breaketh (it breaks)
repenteth (he repents)
visiteth (he visits)
riseth (he rises)
talketh (he talks)
sleepeth (he sleeps)
derideth (he derides)
ariseth (it arises)
endureth (he endures)
quencheth (he quenches)
rusheth (he rushes)
comforteth (he comforts)
commandeth (he commands)
laveth (he laves/washes)(與法語 laver、義大利 lavare、英文 lavender 薰衣草同源)
但是古時候的口音並非那麼容易還原。這時,先不管它對或不對,常見的技巧,就是在動詞第三人稱單數,或是完成式語尾的 -t 之前多加一個音節,成為 -et,極為類似本文以上所列,把當代英美語字尾的 -s 變為 -eth。
市集裡人們賣弄的另一個常見技巧,是把 Sie(您)改為 Ihr(主格)或是 Euch(受格)。還是覺得無趣的話,就再夾帶幾個拉丁字或法語,使它更是趣味橫生。要是沒學過的話,沒有關係,也不管它是什麼格位,更無須管它對還不對,只要在名詞,特別是人名的字尾,給它加上一個 -us 的音節就是了。例如,把 August 講成 Augustus、Stefan 講成 Stefanus 等。這些改變都會蘊釀出一種「古早味」。這是一種在時間軸上的位移。要是想在空間上作一點位移,其實也不難。另一個字尾 -o,會帶我們往南越過阿爾卑斯山到義大利半島,Stefanus 就成為 Stefano!
在英語上,想玩這種遊戲的話,前面已大致介紹過了,只要把 you 的主格改為 thou、受格改為 thee,屬格則用 thy 或 thine,聽起來就古色古香了。講究一點的話,把 comes 講為 cometh,把 you have 講成 thou hast 就更是加分。把它當作語言遊戲來玩的話,神劇唱起來,或許更為盡興!
值得注意的是,作為一個外國人(Ausländer),你在台灣學德語時,所使用的要是紙張已經變黃的德語教材,再帶到德國去實用的話,也會成為一種另類的 Aussiedler!其工作原理都是一樣的。例如,我習慣於很嚴謹地使用所有可能的虛擬式動詞(Konjunktiv),但是當代的德國人在口語上並不太會這麼做,甚至於在正式的書寫時也不例外。只不過,我的這種語言習慣所帶給當地人的印象,大抵上不會是負面的。他們既然在中古世紀市集上玩得起來,就也很能夠「享用」這種出自外國人口中的古早味語言。關於這種現象,我們也可以這麼想像,當聽到一個德國人,由他嘴裡用台語「唸」出「恁娘」或是「卵葩」時,其中詼諧的成份也多會主導其所觸發的整體語言心理現象。德國人嘴裡的「恁娘」、「恁祖媽」,我就親耳聽見過,真是可愛極了!
然而,在台灣,在公元 2012 年的今天,卻有一些古早味的台語詞彙慘遭「禁用」的命運。這到底是怎麼回事呢?請看我的另一篇短文〈大聲叫出卵葩的名〉。
Related Articles
[a] 2012-03-15 神劇 Elias/Elijah/以利亞 德英對照
http://kolmogolovi.blogspot.com/2012/03/elijahelias.html
[b] 2012-04-10 大聲叫出卵葩的名
http://kolmogolovi.blogspot.com/2012/04/blog-post.html
External Links
[1] User:@pple/List of archaic English words and their modern equivalents -
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:@pple/List_of_archaic_English_words_
and_their_modern_equivalents
This is a list of archaic English words and their modern equivalents. These words and spellings are now considered archaic or obsolete within the current status of the English language. Given both the rapidity of change in modern English and the number of versions used by nations and cultures, it should be borne in mind that dates are approximate and that the information here may not apply to all versions of English.[2] Thou - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The evolution of the English language is characterized by three phases. The first period dates from approximately 450 (the settlement of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes in England) to 1066 AD (the Norman Conquest). At this time the language made use of almost full inflexion, and is called Anglo-Saxon, or more exactly Old English. The second period dates from the Norman Conquest to probably c.1400 (though some books differ on when this period ends) and is called Middle English. During this time the majority of the inflections disappeared, and many Norman/Norseman and French words joined the language because of the profound influence of the Anglo-Norman ruling class. The third period dates from about 1400 to today (2007), and is known as Modern English, though until recently it was called New English. During the Modern English period, thousands of words have been derived by scholars from the Classical languages.
The impact of dictionaries in the definition of obsolescent or archaic forms has caused the standardization of spelling, hence many variant forms have fallen into disuse.
It should be noted that often poets and writers of prose with a very strong feel for the language may on occasion deliberately choose to use archaisms to emphasize a certain point or to create a mood.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thou
[3] Introducing Archaic English - UniLang Wiki
http://www.unilang.org/wiki/index.php/Introducing_Archaic_English
[4] Roger K. Terry, Having Problems with Prayer Langhuage?
2326-2391-1-PB.txt.pdf
https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/RelEd/article/download/2326/2163
[5] Old English grammar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (含完整動詞變化表)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_grammar
[6] Mittelalterliche Ausdrucksweise (Crashkurs), Delbrücker-Tross e.V.
http://www.mittelalter-tross.de/mittelalter-sprache.html
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